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Updated: May 11, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
Published on: October 22, 2020
The musculoskeletal effects of cigarette smoking
John J Lee1, Rakesh Patel, J Sybil Biermann
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2912 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive SPC 5328, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Abstract:
➤ Cigarette smoking decreases bone mineral density and increases the risk of sustaining a fracture or tendon injury, with partial reversibility of these risks with long-term cessation of smoking. ➤ Cigarette smoking increases the risk for perioperative complications, nonunion and delayed union of fractures, infection, and soft-tissue and wound-healing complications. ➤ Brief preoperative cessation of smoking may mitigate these perioperative risks. ➤ Informed-consent discussions should include notification of the higher risk of perioperative complications with cigarette smoking and the benefits of temporary cessation of smoking.
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