Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A comparative analysis of promoter-proximal pausing reveals kinetic and distributional dimensions of variation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Non-enzymatic RNA Glycation is a Metabolic Sensor of Cellular Stress.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Dose-dependent hormone actions at estrogen receptor enhancers specify distinct molecular and biological outcomes.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Mapping the Subtype-Specific PARP1 ADP-ribosylated Proteome in Breast Cancer Cells.

Molecular cancer research : MCR·2026
Same author

Senescence dynamics define therapeutic windows for Duchenne muscular dystrophy in DBA/2-mdx mice.

Skeletal muscle·2026
Same author

Functional and computational interrogation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis risk loci in CD4+ T cells.

HGG advances·2026
Same journal

Complete sequencing of medaka genomes reveals the architecture of centromeric satellites, giant mobile elements, and sex chromosomes.

Genome research·2026
Same journal

Convergence and conflict among telomere specialized transposons across 60 million years of Drosophilid evolution.

Genome research·2026
Same journal

A unified analysis of cell type- and trajectory-associated pathways in single-cell data using Phoenix.

Genome research·2026
Same journal

Resf1 is required for proper placental development and configuration of trophoblast cell-specific heterochromatin.

Genome research·2026
Same journal

Telomere-driven replicative crisis is driven by large-scale changes in genomic architecture.

Genome research·2026
Same journal

Spatially informed reference-free cell-type deconvolution for spatial transcriptomics with SpatialCD.

Genome research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines
10:46

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines

Published on: June 2, 2018

Enhancer transcripts mark active estrogen receptor binding sites.

Nasun Hah1, Shino Murakami, Anusha Nagari

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.

Genome Research
|May 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) transcribed from estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) binding sites in breast cancer cells. These eRNAs are early indicators of enhancer activation and gene regulation.

More Related Videos

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
09:07

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
10:36

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines
10:46

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines

Published on: June 2, 2018

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
09:07

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

Published on: December 19, 2018

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
10:36

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Published on: March 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) plays a crucial role in breast cancer.
  • Understanding ESR1 enhancer activity is key to deciphering gene regulation in cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To globally map ESR1 enhancers in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
  • To characterize the role and kinetics of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) in ESR1-mediated transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated analysis of diverse genomic datasets using a novel computational pipeline.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) for histone modifications and transcription factors.
  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and Global Run-On sequencing (GRO-seq) to detect eRNAs.
  • Inhibition studies using flavopiridol (a CDK9 inhibitor).

Main Results:

  • Defined eRNAs transcribed from ESR1 binding sites (ERBSs), preceding target gene induction.
  • eRNA production strongly correlates with enhancer-associated genomic features and looping.
  • Flavopiridol inhibits eRNA production, indicating it occurs post-enhancer assembly.
  • Developed an enhancer transcription signature for de novo enhancer prediction.

Conclusions:

  • eRNAs are early functional readouts of ESR1 enhancer activity.
  • Enhancer transcription is a critical step in the activation of ESR1-regulated genes.
  • The findings provide new insights into ESR1 function and enhancer mechanisms in breast cancer.