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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

Overview of Regeneration and Repair

Overview of Regeneration and Repair

Regeneration and repair processes are critical in healing damages caused by injury, disease, and aging. In regeneration, the damaged tissue is entirely replaced with new growth that restores the original architecture and function. In contrast, tissue repair usually results in a fixed tissue architecture involving scar formation. Scars generally do not reestablish tissue function and may also exhibit structural abnormalities at the injury site.
Regeneration
All animals have varying degrees of...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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The two main cell types that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Matrix-assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation for Remodeling and Repair of Chondral Defects in a Rabbit Model

Matrix-assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation for Remodeling and Repair of Chondral Defects in a Rabbit Model

Published on: May 21, 2013

Cartilage regeneration.

Rocky S Tuan¹, Antonia F Chen, Brian A Klatt

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

|May 3, 2013

Summary

Cartilage regeneration offers a promising biologic solution for damaged cartilage. Tissue engineering using various cells, scaffolds, and growth factors aims to restore cartilage function for better patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

Articular cartilage has limited self-repair capacity after traumatic injury.
Current treatments for chondral defects range from palliative to restorative, with limitations for larger lesions.
Biologic solutions focusing on cartilage regeneration are the future of treating cartilage defects.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current and future strategies for cartilage regeneration.
To explore tissue-engineered cartilage as a solution for larger cartilage defects.
To highlight advancements in cell sources, scaffolding, and bioreactor technology for cartilage repair.

Main Methods:

Review of laboratory and clinical studies on tissue-engineered cartilage.

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Establishment and Evaluation of a Sheep Model of Full-thickness Osteochondral Defect

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Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Matrix-assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation for Remodeling and Repair of Chondral Defects in a Rabbit Model

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Published on: May 21, 2013

Establishment and Evaluation of a Sheep Model of Full-thickness Osteochondral Defect

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Published on: April 14, 2026

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: June 19, 2017

Analysis of various cell types (chondrocytes, stem cells) and scaffolding materials (proteins, polymers, hydrogels).

Investigation of chondrogenesis enhancement using growth factors and bioreactor technology for nutrient delivery and mechanical stimulation.

Main Results:

Tissue-engineered cartilage can be derived from diverse cell sources and fabricated using various scaffold configurations.
Chondrogenesis can be augmented by chondroinductive growth factors.
Bioreactors show potential for optimizing nutrient transport and mechanical conditioning of engineered cartilage ex vivo.

Conclusions:

Multidisciplinary approaches are advancing cartilage regeneration.
Tissue engineering holds significant promise for clinical application in cartilage repair.
Future strategies focus on developing effective biologic solutions for cartilage defects.