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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

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Establishment and Evaluation of a Sheep Model of Full-thickness Osteochondral Defect
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Problems and pointers in osteochondrosis: Twenty years on.

P René van Weeren1, Leo B Jeffcott

  • 1Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. r.vanweeren@uu.nl

Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)
|May 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Equine osteochondrosis (OC) remains a significant developmental disease in horses. Research shows early vascular damage causes OC, with genetics playing a complex role, not copper alone.

Keywords:
GeneticsHorseNatural historyOsteochondrosisPathogenesisPrevalence

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Equine Orthopedics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Equine osteochondrosis (OC) has been a significant developmental disease in the equine industry for decades.
  • Despite extensive research, prevalence data remains conflicting due to the condition's dynamic nature and varied definitions.
  • Early vascular damage leading to chondronecrosis is now recognized as the primary onset mechanism for OC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of equine osteochondrosis (OC).
  • To highlight advancements in knowledge regarding its pathogenesis, etiology, and nomenclature.
  • To identify future research directions for improved management of OC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on equine osteochondrosis.
  • Analysis of genetic studies investigating etiological factors.
  • Examination of evolving terminology and consensus on nomenclature.

Main Results:

  • Vascular damage and chondronecrosis are confirmed as key to OC onset.
  • Genetic studies reveal complex, multi-factorial influences on OC phenotypes across breeds and joint types.
  • Copper's role is now understood as a minor factor in repair, not a primary etiological agent.
  • Consensus reached on nomenclature: OC/osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOCC), and developmental orthopaedic diseases (DOD).

Conclusions:

  • Equine osteochondrosis is a complex, multi-factorial developmental disease.
  • Understanding the cellular and molecular processes of endochondral ossification and cartilage maturation is crucial.
  • Further epidemiological studies are needed to quantify the long-term impact of OC on equine health and performance.