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Related Concept Videos

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
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Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration
08:47

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

Published on: February 10, 2012

Cognitive function during nicotine withdrawal: Implications for nicotine dependence treatment.

Rebecca L Ashare1, Mary Falcone, Caryn Lerman

  • 1Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Neuropharmacology
|May 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Nicotine withdrawal impairs cognitive functions like attention and memory, potentially indicating a core dependence issue. Understanding these effects is key to developing better treatments for nicotine dependence.

Keywords:
AttentionCognitionNicotineSmoking cessationWithdrawalWorking memory

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Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices
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Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

Published on: October 29, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration
08:47

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

Published on: February 10, 2012

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices
10:04

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

Published on: October 29, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nicotine withdrawal commonly causes neurocognitive deficits, affecting attention, memory, and impulse control.
  • These cognitive impairments may be a central feature of nicotine dependence.
  • Understanding the mechanisms is crucial for improving smoking cessation treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neurocognitive effects of nicotine withdrawal in humans and animal models.
  • To discuss the underlying neurobehavioral mechanisms.
  • To explore factors influencing individual differences in withdrawal-related cognitive deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on nicotine withdrawal and neurocognitive function.
  • Analysis of rodent and human models.
  • Discussion of genetic, gender, and comorbidity factors.

Main Results:

  • Nicotine withdrawal significantly impacts sustained attention, working memory, and response inhibition.
  • Neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying these deficits are identified.
  • Individual differences are influenced by genetics, gender, and psychiatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive deficits during nicotine withdrawal are a significant challenge.
  • Targeting these cognitive symptoms could enhance pharmacotherapy and behavioral treatments for nicotine dependence.
  • Further research is needed to refine therapeutic strategies.