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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography
13:26

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

Published on: August 11, 2016

Neuroglobin involvement in visual pathways through the optic nerve.

Christophe Lechauve1, Sébastien Augustin, Delphine Roussel

  • 1INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France. christophe.lechauve@inserm.fr

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|May 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Neuroglobin, a protein protecting neurons, is highly abundant in optic nerves, particularly in glial cells like astrocytes and Müller cells. Its elevated levels suggest a crucial role in supporting retinal neurons and aiding in eye injury recovery.

Keywords:
Glial cellMitochondriaNerve axonNeuroglobinOptic nerveRetinal ganglion cell

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In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice
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In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

Published on: July 22, 2014

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography
13:26

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

Published on: August 11, 2016

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice
11:38

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

Published on: July 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Neuroglobin (NGB) is a globin superfamily member primarily known for neuronal protection against hypoxia and oxidative stress.
  • It is highly concentrated in the retina, with significant mitochondrial localization linked to cellular metabolism and integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the abundance and localization of neuroglobin in the optic nerve, beyond its known presence in retinal ganglion cells.
  • To explore the role of neuroglobin in retinal glial cells, including astrocytes and Müller cells, especially in response to injury.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to detect neuroglobin mRNA and protein levels.
  • Quantitative analysis of neuroglobin expression in optic nerves, retinas, and specific retinal cell types.

Main Results:

  • Neuroglobin is significantly accumulated in optic nerves, with levels approximately 10-fold higher than in retinas.
  • High neuroglobin expression was found not only in retinal ganglion cell axons but also prominently in astrocyte processes.
  • Müller cells showed increased neuroglobin levels during reactive gliosis following eye injury.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroglobin plays a critical role in optic nerve support cells, particularly astrocytes, in physiological conditions.
  • Neuroglobin is implicated in the response of Müller cells to retinal injury, suggesting a function in neuronal support and healing within the retina.