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Related Concept Videos

Significance Testing: Overview01:04

Significance Testing: Overview

Significance testing is a set of statistical methods used to test whether a claim about a parameter is valid. In analytical chemistry, significance testing is used primarily to determine whether the difference between two values comes from determinate or random errors. The effect of a particular change in the measurement protocol, analyst, or sample itself can cause a deviation from the expected result. In the case of a suspected deviation/outlier, we need to be able to confirm mathematically...
Statistical Significance01:37

Statistical Significance

Once data is collected from both the experimental and the control groups, a statistical analysis is conducted to find out if there are meaningful differences between the two groups. A statistical analysis determines how likely any difference found is due to chance (and thus not meaningful). In psychology, group differences are considered meaningful, or significant, if the odds that these differences occurred by chance alone are 5 percent or less. Stated another way, if we repeated this...
P-value01:10

P-value

P-value is one of the most crucial concepts in statistics.
P-value stands for the probability value.  P-value is the probability that, if the null hypothesis is true, the results from another randomly selected sample will be as extreme or more extreme as the results obtained from the given sample.
A large P-value calculated from the data indicates to  not reject the null hypothesis. But a higher P-value does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. The smaller the P-value, the more unlikely...
Critical Region, Critical Values and Significance Level01:16

Critical Region, Critical Values and Significance Level

The critical region, critical value, and significance level are interdependent concepts crucial in hypothesis testing.
In hypothesis testing, a sample statistic is converted to a test statistic using z, t, or chi-square distribution. A critical region is an area under the curve in  probability distributions demarcated by the critical value. When the test statistic falls in this region, it suggests that the null hypothesis must be rejected. As this region contains all those values of the test...
Rules for Significant Figures01:44

Rules for Significant Figures

In any measurement, the precision of the measuring tool is an essential factor. An ordinary ruler, for example, can measure length to the closest millimeter; a caliper, on the other hand, can measure length to the nearest 0.01 mm. As a result, the caliper is a more precise measurement tool because it can measure extremely minute changes in length. The measurements will be more accurate if the measuring tool is more precise.
It should be emphasized that when we represent measured values, the...
Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures03:34

Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.

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Related Experiment Videos

Not significant but important.

James L Mulshine1, Frank G Ondrey

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Vice President Research, Rush University, 1735 West Harrison Street, Suite 206, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. james_l_mulshine@rush.edu

Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|May 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Bowman Birk Inhibitor preparation did not reverse oral leukoplakia in a Phase IIb trial. This study highlights challenges in chemoprevention trials and suggests improvements for future research.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Chemoprevention Research
  • Clinical Trial Design

Background:

  • Oral leukoplakia is a precancerous lesion.
  • Chemoprevention aims to prevent cancer development.
  • The Bowman Birk Inhibitor (BBI) showed promise as a chemopreventive agent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of BBI in reversing oral leukoplakia.
  • To review the clinical trial process for chemoprevention agents.
  • To address publication bias in clinical trial reporting.

Main Methods:

  • A large Phase IIb randomized trial was conducted.
  • Participants received either BBI preparation or an oral placebo.
  • Effectiveness was measured by visual assessment, pathology, and intermediate endpoints.

Main Results:

  • The trial yielded negative results; BBI did not reverse oral leukoplakia.
  • The study underscores challenges in conducting chemoprevention trials.

Conclusions:

  • Publishing negative trial results is crucial to combat publication bias.
  • Future chemoprevention trials could benefit from neoadjuvant, window-of-opportunity designs.
  • Novel intermediate endpoints, like optical imaging, may offer more objective assessments.