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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
07:08

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Published on: February 2, 2024

What makes a pluripotency reprogramming factor?

R Jauch1, P R Kolatkar

  • 1Laboratory for Structural Biochemistry, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, 138672, Singapore. ralf@gibh.ac.cn

Current Molecular Medicine
|May 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pluripotency reprogramming factors (PRFs) may gain unique functions through cooperative binding to specific DNA motifs, not just individual DNA sequence preference. Understanding this mechanism can enhance cell reprogramming for regenerative medicine.

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Molecular biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Cellular reprogramming converts differentiated cells to a pluripotent state, crucial for regenerative medicine.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying this process, particularly what distinguishes pluripotency reprogramming factors (PRFs), remain incompletely understood.
  • Current methods involve introducing transcription factor proteins to alter cell fate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular characteristics of prominent PRFs (Sox2, Oct4, Klf4, Esrrb, Nr5a2, Nanog).
  • To identify unique features that differentiate PRFs from homologous transcription factors.
  • To explore the role of PRF cooperation in nuclear reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the molecular makeup and DNA binding properties of key PRFs.
  • Comparative analysis of DNA binding motifs between PRFs and non-pluripotency-inducing family members.
  • Discussion of evidence supporting differential protein-protein interactions and composite DNA motifs in pluripotency enhancers.

Main Results:

  • Consensus DNA binding motifs for most PRFs are highly conserved compared to non-pluripotency factors, suggesting individual sequence preference is not the primary differentiator.
  • Variant composite DNA motifs in pluripotency enhancers facilitate differential assembly of PRF families through protein-protein interactions.
  • Engineering a non-PRF (Sox17) into a PRF by modulating its cooperation with Oct4 demonstrates the importance of cooperative binding.

Conclusions:

  • The cooperation of PRFs on specifically configured DNA motifs, mediated by protein-protein interactions, likely underlies the nuclear reprogramming process.
  • Understanding these cooperative mechanisms is key to rationally engineering and optimizing PRFs.
  • Enhanced PRF design can improve reprogramming efficiency for applications in regenerative medicine.