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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
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Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
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Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
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Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection01:30

Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection

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Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are the methods that help to break the infection chain and prevent disease.
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
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Treating Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcers: Antimicrobial Therapy01:16

Treating Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcers: Antimicrobial Therapy

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Helicobacter pylori, a resilient gram-negative bacterium, can thrive in the stomach's harsh, acidic environment. Infection with H. pylori leads to a cascade of events within the stomach lining. One of the critical disruptions caused by this bacterium is the interference with somatostatin production, a hormone responsible for regulating acid secretion. This interference tips the balance, escalating acid secretion and diminishing bicarbonate levels. This imbalance compromises the defensive...
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Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Strangles: taking steps towards eradication.

Andrew S Waller1

  • 1Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.

Veterinary Microbiology
|May 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Strangles, a bacterial disease in horses caused by Streptococcus equi, can be controlled by identifying and treating persistent carriers. Modern diagnostics and vaccines are key to preventing outbreaks and protecting the equine industry.

Keywords:
ELISAStranglesStreptococcus equiVaccineqPCR

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Microbiology
  • Equine Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi sub-species equi (S. equi), is a significant global equine disease with substantial welfare and economic impacts.
  • Persistent sub-clinical infections in guttural pouches are crucial for S. equi's survival and disease transmission.
  • Effective control relies on identifying and treating persistently infected carriers to prevent outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of S. equi pathogenesis.
  • To discuss advancements in diagnostic methods and their strategic application for S. equi eradication.
  • To evaluate the role of vaccines and emerging data on S. equi population dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular mechanisms of S. equi.
  • Analysis of new diagnostic tests (qPCR, iELISA) replacing traditional culture methods.
  • Discussion of control strategies, biosecurity, screening, and preventative vaccines.

Main Results:

  • S. equi utilizes specific molecular mechanisms to establish persistent infections.
  • qPCR and iELISA offer improved detection of S. equi carriers over culture.
  • Emerging data reveals global S. equi population dynamism impacting vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic application of advanced diagnostics and targeted treatments can eradicate S. equi.
  • Modern vaccines, combined with biosecurity and screening, are crucial for large-scale prevention and eradication.
  • Understanding S. equi population dynamics is vital for maintaining vaccine effectiveness and controlling strangles.