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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

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FcγRI is required for TGFβ2-treated macrophage-induced tolerance.

Z Gu1, A Y Chhabra, P Alard

  • 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.

Immunobiology
|May 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2)-treated macrophages induce antigen-specific tolerance. Smad3 signaling and FcγRI are crucial for this tolerogenic function, offering new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
ACAIDANOVAAPCAntigen presenting cellsCFADNDTHDelayed type hypersensitivityFcγRLPSMacrophagesMiceMϕMϕ59OVAPECTGFβToleranceWTanalysis of varianceanterior chamber-associated immune deviationantigen presenting cellscomplete Freund's adjuvantdelayed type hypersensitivitydominant negativei.v.intravenouslipopolysaccharidemacrophagemacrophage hybridoma cell lineovalbuminperitoneal exudates cellss.c.subcutaneoustransforming growth factor βwild-type

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Functional Characterization of Regulatory Macrophages That Inhibit Graft-reactive Immunity
08:41

Functional Characterization of Regulatory Macrophages That Inhibit Graft-reactive Immunity

Published on: June 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Macrophages treated with TGFβ2 (TGFβ2-Mϕ) are highly tolerogenic in vivo.
  • They induce antigen-specific, long-lasting tolerance via suppressor/regulatory T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular pathways, including Smad-dependent signaling, involved in TGFβ2-Mϕ induction and function.
  • To identify key molecular players in TGFβ2-Mϕ-mediated tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Murine macrophages were treated with TGFβ2.
  • Smad signaling pathways were assessed for their role in tolerogenic function.
  • Microarray analysis was used to evaluate gene expression changes.
  • FcγRI deficiency was studied in the context of tolerance induction.

Main Results:

  • TGFβ2 treatment induced Smad2/3 nuclear translocation in macrophages.
  • Impaired Smad3 signaling, but not Smad2, inhibited TGFβ2-Mϕ tolerogenic function.
  • FcγRI gene expression was altered in TGFβ2-Mϕ.
  • TGFβ2-Mϕ from FcγRI-deficient mice failed to induce tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Smad3-dependent signaling is critical for the tolerogenic function of TGFβ2-Mϕ.
  • FcγRI plays an essential role in TGFβ2-Mϕ-mediated tolerance, though its precise function is unclear.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform the development of novel tolerance-inducing therapies for autoimmune diseases.