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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Zygomatic dysmorphology in unicoronal synostosis.

Miles J Pfaff1, Kenneth Wong, John A Persing

  • 1Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS
|May 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unicoronal synostosis (UCS) causes smaller zygomata (cheekbones) on the affected side. Even unaffected sides show reduced volume in UCS patients compared to controls, indicating early developmental impact.

Keywords:
HypoplasiaMalarMorphometricMorphometryUCSUnicoronal synostosisVolumeVolumetric analysisZygmataZygoma

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial surgery
  • Pediatric plastic surgery
  • Medical imaging

Background:

  • Unicoronal synostosis (UCS) is a congenital condition causing abnormal skull growth, leading to facial deformities.
  • While orbital and forehead changes are well-documented, the structural characteristics of the zygoma (cheekbone) in UCS patients remain understudied.
  • Facial asymmetry, including the malar region, is a common but poorly understood feature of UCS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To objectively analyze and compare the volumetric and morphometric characteristics of zygomata in patients with unicoronal synostosis (UCS) versus healthy controls.
  • To investigate potential differences between affected, unaffected, and control zygomata.
  • To determine if early developmental stages exhibit more pronounced zygomatic differences in UCS.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of 3D-computed tomographic (CT) images from UCS patients and normal controls.
  • Performance of detailed volumetric and morphometric analyses on zygomatic structures.
  • Statistical analysis of collected data with a significance threshold of P<0.05.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 68 zygomatic sides revealed that affected zygomata in UCS patients are volumetrically deficient compared to unaffected and control zygomata.
  • Unaffected zygomata in UCS patients also showed diminished volume when compared to normal controls.
  • Significant morphometric differences were observed in affected zygomata, while unaffected and control zygomata were morphometrically similar. Early age intervals showed the greatest differences.

Conclusions:

  • Affected zygomata in UCS patients are significantly smaller and morphometrically distinct from both unaffected and control zygomata.
  • Current treatment approaches for UCS may not adequately address the observed zygomatic structural abnormalities.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the long-term growth effects of UCS on zygomatic morphology.