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Related Concept Videos

Symmetry Elements in a Crystal01:27

Symmetry Elements in a Crystal

Crystal symmetry operations are isometric transformations that map objects onto indistinguishable copies while preserving distances, angles, and volumes. The simplest symmetry operation is translation, which shifts the entire infinite crystal lattice parallelly by a translation vector.Crystallographic rotations involve rotations by an angle of 2π/n around an axis without changing the positions of points on the axis. It is called the rotational axis of the symmetry, denoted by n. The combination...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
07:42

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Published on: December 15, 2021

Cs2GeB4O9: a new second-order nonlinear-optical crystal.

Xiang Xu1, Chun-Li Hu, Fang Kong

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China.

Inorganic Chemistry
|May 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new alkali-metal borogermanate, Cs2GeB4O9, was synthesized and characterized. This noncentrosymmetric crystal exhibits excellent thermal stability and a strong second-harmonic generation response, indicating its potential as a novel optical material.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Development of novel crystalline materials with desirable optical properties is crucial for advanced technologies.
  • Alkali-metal borogermanates represent a class of compounds with potential for unique structural and optical characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover and characterize a new alkali-metal borogermanate with a noncentrosymmetric structure.
  • To evaluate the optical and thermal properties of the synthesized compound for potential applications.

Main Methods:

  • High-temperature top-seeded solution growth method using Cs2O-B2O3 flux.
  • Single crystal X-ray diffraction for structural determination.
  • UV-vis transmission spectroscopy for optical absorption edge determination.
  • Powder second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements.

Main Results:

  • A new compound, Cs2GeB4O9, was successfully synthesized as large single crystals.
  • The crystal structure was determined to be tetragonal (space group I4) with specific lattice parameters.
  • Cs2GeB4O9 exhibits high thermal stability (melting point 849 °C) and a short absorption edge at 198 nm.
  • A strong SHG response (approx. 2.8 × KH2PO4) and type I phase-matching behavior were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Cs2GeB4O9 is a newly discovered alkali-metal borogermanate with a unique three-dimensional anionic open framework.
  • The material demonstrates promising nonlinear optical properties and high thermal stability.
  • Cs2GeB4O9 is a potential candidate for second-order nonlinear-optical applications.