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Related Concept Videos

Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

Genetic susceptibility and mechanisms for refractive error.

D Stambolian1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. stamboli@mail.med.upenn.edu

Clinical Genetics
|May 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Refractive errors like myopia and hyperopia are leading causes of vision impairment. Understanding the genetic and environmental factors influencing refractive error is key to developing new treatments.

Keywords:
animal modelsgene-environment interactiongenetic variationhyperopiamyopiarefractive error

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients
07:06

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Published on: March 29, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and genetics
  • Investigating the genetic basis of visual impairment

Background:

  • Refractive errors (RE) are the most common cause of visual impairment globally.
  • Genetic research has identified numerous loci associated with susceptibility to refractive errors.
  • RE is understood to be influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in refractive errors.
  • To highlight the need for integrated approaches to understand the biology of refractive error.
  • To identify potential avenues for novel therapeutic targets and genetic predictions for refractive error.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent genetic studies identifying susceptibility loci for refractive error.
  • Analysis of evidence supporting the role of common and rare genetic variants.
  • Emphasis on the necessity of combining genetic data with environmental influences and in vivo biological measurements.

Main Results:

  • Genetic studies have revealed significant contributions from both common and rare variants to refractive error.
  • Environmental factors play a substantial role alongside genetic influences.
  • A multifactorial model is required to fully explain refractive error development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the biology of refractive error necessitates integrating genetic insights with environmental data and physiological measurements.
  • This integrated approach is crucial for advancing therapeutic strategies and improving genetic prediction accuracy.
  • Future research should focus on combining diverse data types to unravel the complexities of refractive error.