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Estimating postmortem interval using RNA degradation and morphological changes in tooth pulp.

Stephanie T Young¹, Jeffrey D Wells, Gerald R Hobbs

¹Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.

Forensic Science International

|May 8, 2013

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Forensic scientists can now estimate time since death up to 84 days using RNA decay in tooth pulp. This molecular method bridges the gap between entomology and anthropology for improved postmortem interval determination.

Area of Science:

Forensic Science
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) determination is crucial for suspicious death investigations.
Current forensic methods (pathology, entomology, anthropology) have limitations in estimating PMI over extended periods.
A significant time gap exists between the applicability of forensic entomology and traditional anthropology.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate time-dependent RNA decay rates in tooth pulp for extending early postmortem interval estimation.
To develop novel molecular and colorimetric assays for more precise PMI determination.

Main Methods:

Analysis of RNA decay rates of β-actin RNA segments (labile and stable) from pig tooth pulp.
Estimation of PMI based on observed RNA decay patterns in pigs buried in shallow graves for up to 84 days.

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Development of a colorimetric assay using digital photography to quantify postmortem pulp color changes.

Main Results:

PMI estimates were successfully made for up to 84 days using RNA decay rates in tooth pulp.
RNA decay patterns provided a longer estimation window compared to insect activity, which ceased by day 28.
The colorimetric assay effectively clustered pulp samples by age, correlating with postmortem changes.

Conclusions:

Time-dependent RNA decay in tooth pulp offers a reliable molecular method for extending early postmortem interval estimations.
Combining RNA decay analysis with the colorimetric assay enhances the precision of PMI determination.
This molecular approach is globally applicable, rapid, and cost-effective, addressing limitations of existing forensic techniques.