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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice
08:09

Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice

Published on: March 24, 2017

Deciphering cis-regulatory control in inflammatory cells.

Serena Ghisletti1, Gioacchino Natoli

  • 1Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy. serena.ghisletti@ieo.eu

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|May 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Innate immune cells precisely control inflammatory gene expression. Pioneer transcription factors establish cell-type-specific regulatory landscapes, enabling tailored responses to microbial and danger signals.

Keywords:
Pu.1chromatinenhancersepigenomeinflammationmacrophages

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Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
12:50

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Published on: September 15, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice
08:09

Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice

Published on: March 24, 2017

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
12:50

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

Published on: September 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Innate immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells require precise regulation of inducible gene expression programs.
  • Inflammatory responses must be tailored to specific stimuli, their dosage, and the different phases of the inflammatory process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory mechanisms governing inducible gene expression in innate immune cells.
  • To understand the role of transcriptional regulators and chromatin accessibility in tailoring inflammatory responses.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic characterization of regulatory elements in innate immune cells.
  • Analysis of transcription factor (TF) recruitment and chromatin accessibility dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Transcriptional regulators involved in macrophage specification act as pioneer TFs, opening chromatin regions.
  • This pre-programmed accessibility facilitates the recruitment of TFs activated by external signals.
  • Cell-type-specific cis-regulatory repertoires are organized by lineage commitment factors.

Conclusions:

  • The ability of innate immune cells to respond to specific stimuli is programmed early in differentiation.
  • Pioneer TFs play a crucial role in establishing a cell-type-specific regulatory landscape for inflammatory gene expression.
  • These principles offer general paradigms for understanding the interplay between cell differentiation and environmental responses in innate immunity.