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Related Concept Videos

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:28

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study
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Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study

Published on: March 8, 2024

Pregnane alkaloids from Sarcococca hookeriana var. digyna.

Pu-zhao Zhang1, Fei Wang, Li-juan Yang

  • 1Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.

Fitoterapia
|May 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers isolated fourteen pregnane-type steroidal alkaloids from Sarcococca hookeriana, discovering three new compounds. Some alkaloids promoted estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian cells, with specific compounds showing notable efficacy.

Keywords:
AktCREBERKEstrogen productionKGN cellMAPKPI3KPKAPregnaneSarcococca hookeriana var. digynaSteroidal alkaloidcAMPcAMP response element binding proteincyclic adenosine monophosphateextracellular signal-regulated kinasemTORmammalian target of rapamycinmitogen-activated protein kinasephosphatidylinositol-3 kinaseprotein kinase Aprotein kinase B

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Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
04:37

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Sarcococca hookeriana var. digyna is a plant source of bioactive steroidal alkaloids.
  • Steroidal alkaloids possess diverse pharmacological activities.
  • Understanding plant-derived compounds' effects on hormone biosynthesis is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and characterize steroidal alkaloids from Sarcococca hookeriana var. digyna.
  • To evaluate the estrogen biosynthesis-promoting effects of these isolated compounds.
  • To identify novel steroidal alkaloids with potential endocrine activity.

Main Methods:

  • Ethanolic extraction of whole Sarcococca hookeriana var. digyna plants.
  • Isolation and purification of fourteen pregnane-type steroidal alkaloids.
  • Structure elucidation using spectral data (e.g., NMR, MS).
  • In vitro assay using human ovarian granulosa-like KGN cells to assess estrogen biosynthesis promotion.

Main Results:

  • Fourteen pregnane-type steroidal alkaloids were successfully isolated.
  • Three new steroidal alkaloids were identified and structurally characterized.
  • Several isolated compounds demonstrated estrogen biosynthesis-promoting effects.
  • Vagnine B (6) and funtumafrine C (12) exhibited the most potent effects with EC50 values of 71 μM and 67 μM, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Sarcococca hookeriana var. digyna is a rich source of structurally diverse steroidal alkaloids.
  • The identified steroidal alkaloids, including novel ones, possess the ability to promote estrogen biosynthesis.
  • These findings highlight the potential of Sarcococca hookeriana-derived compounds in endocrine research and therapeutic development.