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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...

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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
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Quantifying temporal trends in ground level ozone concentration in the UK.

Said Munir1, Haibo Chen, Karl Ropkins

  • 1The Custodial of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 6287, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. saidmunir@yahoo.co.uk

The Science of the Total Environment
|May 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Surface ozone trends varied significantly between 1993-2011. While maximum ozone levels decreased, average and median concentrations rose, with urban ozone decrement shrinking over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Air Quality Monitoring

Background:

  • Quantifying temporal trends in surface ozone is crucial for assessing impacts of anthropogenic precursor reductions and emission control strategies.
  • Understanding ozone variability is essential for effective environmental policy and public health management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze surface ozone trends in the UK from 1993 to 2011 at both urban and rural sites.
  • To investigate ozone trends across various statistical metrics, including mean, median, maximum, and selected quantiles.
  • To identify changes in urban decrement and detect significant temporal shifts using changepoint analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ground-level ozone data from 20 UK sites (5 urban, 15 rural) within the UK Air Quality Network (AURN).
  • Employed quantile regression, TheilSen function, and changepoint analysis (Pruned Exact Linear Time - PELT) to assess trends.
  • Analyzed trends at different percentiles to capture variability beyond simple averages.

Main Results:

  • Ozone trends exhibited significant variability across different statistical metrics.
  • Maximum ozone trends were negative, while median and mean trends were positive between 1993-2011.
  • Urban decrement decreased over the study period, and negative ozone trends were observed from 2004-2011, potentially linked to stabilized NOx concentrations. Three changepoints were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Surface ozone trends are complex and vary significantly depending on the statistical metric used.
  • The decreasing urban decrement suggests evolving emission patterns or atmospheric chemistry in urban environments.
  • Recent negative trends may indicate the effectiveness of emission controls or changes in atmospheric conditions.