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Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
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Some individuals interpret life events as a consequence of their personal choices and actions, while others believe that outcomes are dictated by fate or destiny. This divergence in perspective has been examined in psychological and cross-cultural studies, particularly in relation to religious faith and cultural beliefs about causality.Fate and Personal ResponsibilityPeople who emphasize personal responsibility view events as direct consequences of their decisions. For instance, breaking a leg...
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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
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Addiction and choice: theory and new data.

Gene M Heyman1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Boston College Boston, MA, USA.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|May 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Addiction is not always compulsive; research suggests it involves choices, not a brain disease. Quantitative choice principles better explain addiction patterns and recovery.

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The prevailing view of addiction is that it is a compulsive brain disease.
  • This perspective suggests addicts lack control over their drug use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the "compulsive" nature of addiction.
  • To explore alternative explanations for addiction and recovery patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on addiction and recovery.
  • Application of quantitative choice principles (e.g., matching law, hyperbolic discounting).

Main Results:

  • Most individuals meeting addiction criteria quit by age 30, often without professional help.
Keywords:
addictionbrain disease modelchoice theorycorrelates of recoveryremission

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  • Recovery is associated with factors like legal concerns, economic pressures, and social respect, indicating choice.
  • Quantitative choice principles accurately predict addiction patterns and recovery.

    • Conclusions:

    • The "brain disease" model of addiction lacks strong empirical and logical support.
    • Addiction can be understood as a disorder of choice, predictable by established behavioral economic principles.