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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
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An encephalitis primer.

Dominic Kelly1

  • 1Children's Hospital, Oxford, UK. dominic.kelly@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing encephalitis in children requires a systematic approach due to broad differential diagnoses and numerous pathogens. This review covers encephalitis causes, investigations, and specific types like HSV, mycoplasma, and flavivirus encephalitis.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Encephalitis management is infrequent for most clinicians.
  • Children with encephalitis present a broad range of differential diagnoses.
  • Numerous pathogens can cause encephalitis, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a systematic approach to the clinical assessment, investigation, and treatment of encephalitis in children.
  • To review the aetiology and investigation of encephalitis.
  • To focus on specific encephalitis types: HSV encephalitis, mycoplasma encephalitis, and flavivirus encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on encephalitis aetiology, investigation, and management.
  • Discussion of epidemiological factors influencing assessment.
  • Emphasis on understanding the limitations of diagnostic investigations.

Main Results:

  • A systematic approach is crucial for effective encephalitis management.
  • Key pathogens and their epidemiological relevance are discussed.
  • Specific focus on Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Mycoplasma, and Flavivirus encephalitis.

Conclusions:

  • Effective encephalitis management in children relies on a systematic, evidence-based approach.
  • Understanding causative agents and diagnostic limitations is vital.
  • This review highlights important considerations for clinicians encountering pediatric encephalitis.