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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.

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Sideband separation experiments in NMR with phase incremented echo train acquisition.

Brennan J Walder1, Krishna K Dey, Derrick C Kaseman

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|May 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phase incremented echo-train acquisition (PIETA) enhances nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensitivity for sideband separation experiments. This method improves signal-to-noise and reduces artifacts in solid-state NMR studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
  • Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sideband separation experiments, including Two-Dimensional One Pulse (TOP), Magic-Angle Turning (MAT), and Phase Adjust Spinning Sidebands (PASS), are crucial for analyzing complex samples.
  • Strong inhomogeneous broadenings in non-crystalline solids or samples with large residual frequency anisotropy often limit the sensitivity and introduce artifacts in these NMR experiments.
  • Conventional Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill acquisition methods can lead to spectral artifacts, hindering accurate data interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a general approach for enhancing the sensitivity of NMR sideband separation experiments using phase incremented echo-train acquisition (PIETA).
  • To demonstrate the applicability of PIETA in overcoming limitations caused by inhomogeneous broadening in solid-state NMR.
  • To provide a framework for designing and processing echo-train acquisition NMR experiments on rotating samples.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of phase incremented echo-train acquisition (PIETA) for NMR experiments.
  • Application of affine transformations to relate 2D signals from TOP, MAT, and PASS experiments to a common coordinate system.
  • Analysis of artifacts arising from truncated acquisition time and discontinuous T2 decay in echo-train acquisitions.

Main Results:

  • PIETA provides significant sensitivity enhancements in NMR sideband separation experiments.
  • The PIETA approach effectively eliminates spectral artifacts commonly observed with Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill acquisition.
  • Affine transformations successfully eliminate artifacts from truncated acquisition time, and conditions for minimizing or removing T2 decay artifacts are established.

Conclusions:

  • Phase incremented echo-train acquisition (PIETA) is a powerful general approach for improving sensitivity and reducing artifacts in NMR sideband separation experiments.
  • This method is particularly beneficial for analyzing challenging samples like non-crystalline solids with significant inhomogeneous broadening.
  • The presented framework using affine transformations facilitates the design and processing of advanced echo-train acquisition NMR experiments.