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Related Concept Videos

Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the small...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome
06:51

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome

Published on: July 28, 2023

The intestinal microbiome and necrotizing enterocolitis.

Erica M Carlisle1, Michael J Morowitz

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|May 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants is linked to gut bacteria, but specific causes remain unclear. Molecular methods reveal general disturbances in gut microbes, not a single pathogen, contribute to NEC development.

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In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: June 8, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome
06:51

Microfluidic Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incorporating Human Neonatal Intestinal Enteroids and a Dysbiotic Microbiome

Published on: July 28, 2023

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
09:11

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Microbial ecology
  • Infant gut microbiome research
  • Molecular diagnostics

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of illness and death in premature infants.
  • The role of gut bacteria in NEC pathogenesis is suspected but not fully understood.
  • Traditional culture-based methods limit comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in molecular methods for studying gut bacteria in infants.
  • To compare gut microbiota in infants with and without NEC.
  • To elucidate the relationship between microbes and NEC.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced DNA sequencing and microbial ecology techniques.
  • Comparing gut bacterial populations in NEC cases versus controls.
  • Analyzing recent molecular studies on infant gut microbiota.

Main Results:

  • Molecular methods offer a more comprehensive view of gut bacteria than traditional approaches.
  • Studies show varied differences in microbiota between infants with and without NEC.
  • No single microbial change has been definitively linked as a cause of NEC.

Conclusions:

  • NEC is not caused by a single pathogen.
  • The disease likely arises from a generalized disruption of normal gut colonization patterns.
  • Further research using molecular techniques is needed to fully understand NEC pathogenesis.