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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Distinct translational control in CD4+ T cell subsets.

Eva Bjur1, Ola Larsson, Ekaterina Yurchenko

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

Plos Genetics
|May 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) use unique translation control to maintain immune balance. This study reveals how translation impacts Treg function and identity, offering new insights into immune regulation.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing Foxp3 are crucial for immune tolerance and homeostasis.
  • Genome-wide mRNA studies define T cell signatures, but protein levels can differ due to post-transcriptional regulation.
  • Understanding translational control is key to deciphering T cell subset-specific functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify unique translational signatures distinguishing regulatory T (T(Foxp3+)) and non-regulatory T (T(Foxp3-)) cells.
  • To investigate the role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in T cell activation, proliferation, and Foxp3 expression.
  • To elucidate how mRNA-specific translational control influences cellular processes in CD4+ T cell subsets.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of translational signatures between T(Foxp3+) and T(Foxp3-) cells.
  • Investigation of eIF4E's role in T cell activation and proliferation.
  • Assessment of eIF4E's impact on Foxp3 expression and T cell lineage identity.

Main Results:

  • A distinct translational signature differentiates T(Foxp3+) and T(Foxp3-) cells, impacting protein expression.
  • T cell activation induces eIF4E translation, which regulates cell cycle mRNAs and proliferation in both T cell types.
  • eIF4E unexpectedly influences Foxp3 expression, affecting T cell lineage identity.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA-specific translational control dictates both shared and distinct cellular processes in CD4+ T cell subsets.
  • Translational regulation, particularly involving eIF4E, plays a critical role in T cell function and identity.
  • This study highlights translation as a key regulatory layer in T cell biology beyond mRNA levels.