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Related Concept Videos

Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery
07:32

Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery

Published on: September 19, 2016

Complex flexor and extensor tendon injuries.

Matthew J Carty1, Philip E Blazar

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mcarty@partners.org

Hand Clinics
|May 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex hand injuries require specialized reconstruction for optimal outcomes. This article reviews common surgical techniques for restoring function and soft tissues in challenging hand trauma cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Hand Surgery

Background:

  • Complex hand injuries involve significant soft-tissue loss, exposing vital structures like bones, joints, tendons, and neurovascular elements.
  • Effective management necessitates restoring pliable, sensate tissue with vascularity and a gliding surface for motion restoration.
  • Optimal reconstruction often involves complex or staged surgical procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of commonly used reconstructive options for complex hand injuries.
  • To guide reconstructive surgeons in managing challenging clinical cases of hand trauma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and emerging surgical techniques for soft-tissue reconstruction in the hand.
  • Discussion of strategies for restoring neurovascular and tendinous structures.
  • Emphasis on achieving a functional gliding surface for tendon repair.

Main Results:

  • The article outlines various reconstructive modalities suitable for complex hand injuries.
  • It highlights the importance of tissue quality, vascularity, and gliding surface restoration.
  • Successful management strategies are presented for challenging scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Reconstruction of complex hand injuries requires tailored surgical approaches.
  • The choice of technique depends on the extent of tissue loss and structural damage.
  • Restoration of function and sensation is paramount for patient recovery.