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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

The Bone Matrix

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models

Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models

Published on: April 26, 2024

Melatonin effects on hard tissues: bone and tooth.

Jie Liu¹, Fang Huang, Hong-Wen He

¹Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China. gzhfang@yahoo.com.cn.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|May 14, 2013

Summary

Melatonin, a hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles, shows significant effects on bone and tooth health. This review explores its role in bone remodeling, osteoporosis, and dental applications like osseointegration and dentin formation.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Biochemistry
Dental Science

Background:

Melatonin is an endogenous hormone produced by the pineal gland.
It regulates circadian rhythms and influences various physiological processes.
Recent research highlights melatonin's impact on hard tissues like bone and teeth.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the existing evidence on melatonin's effects on bone and tooth tissues.
To explore the potential applications of melatonin in hard tissue regeneration and health.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of studies investigating melatonin and hard tissues.
Analysis of data on melatonin's role in bone remodeling, osteoporosis, and dental applications.

Main Results:

Melatonin influences bone remodeling and may play a role in osteoporosis management.
Evidence suggests melatonin impacts osseointegration of dental implants and dentin formation.

Conclusions:

Melatonin demonstrates significant potential in promoting hard tissue health.
Further research is warranted to fully elucidate and utilize melatonin's therapeutic benefits for bone and dental conditions.