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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management01:19

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Disruption of the Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier by Small Extracellular Vesicles from Hypoxic Human Placentas
05:31

Disruption of the Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier by Small Extracellular Vesicles from Hypoxic Human Placentas

Published on: January 26, 2024

Why preeclampsia still exists?

Sonia T Chelbi1, Reiner A Veitia, Daniel Vaiman

  • 1INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.

Medical Hypotheses
|May 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Preeclampsia (PE) alleles persist due to a balance between genetic diversity benefits and stable paternal investment. This explains the commonality of this serious pregnancy condition.

Area of Science:

  • Human Genetics
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Preeclampsia (PE) affects up to 10% of human pregnancies and has a known genetic component.
  • Despite Darwinian pressures, PE-predisposing alleles remain common, suggesting a balancing selection mechanism.
  • Reduced PE risk and severity in consecutive pregnancies with the same partner indicate familial and partner-specific influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary maintenance of preeclampsia-predisposing alleles within human populations.
  • To explore the role of familial structure and mating patterns in allele frequency dynamics.
  • To propose a hypothesis explaining the persistence of potentially detrimental genetic variants.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of familial structures and epidemiological data related to preeclampsia.

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Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Disruption of the Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier by Small Extracellular Vesicles from Hypoxic Human Placentas
05:31

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Published on: January 26, 2024

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

  • Modeling of allele frequency dynamics under different mating scenarios.
  • Examination of known predisposing gene polymorphisms in preeclampsia.

    • Main Results:

    • Preeclampsia-predisposing alleles can be differentially maintained based on familial structures.
    • The peculiar feature of decreasing risk with consecutive pregnancies suggests a unique evolutionary dynamic.
    • A trade-off mechanism is proposed to explain allele frequency maintenance.

    Conclusions:

    • The persistence of preeclampsia-predisposing alleles is likely due to a balance between evolutionary pressures.
    • Benefits of exogamy and maintaining genetic diversity may favor the retention of these alleles.
    • Increased fitness from stable paternal investment could also contribute to allele maintenance, balancing PE risks.