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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance01:25

Inheritance

Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
Each gene exists in pairs, and the combination of these genes from both parents forms an individual's genotype. This genotype is a blueprint of potential traits. Examples of genotype traits...
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
Tonicity in Plants00:53

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
Tonicity in Plants01:20

Tonicity in Plants

Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
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Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response
12:18

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Published on: April 17, 2016

Auxin: simply complicated.

Michael Sauer1, Stéphanie Robert, Jürgen Kleine-Vehn

  • 1Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|May 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Auxin, a vital plant hormone, regulates diverse biological processes from cell growth to organ formation. Emerging research explores its molecular actions, perception, and metabolism to understand its complex roles in plant development.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Auxin is a crucial plant hormone regulating a vast array of biological mechanisms.
  • These mechanisms span from fundamental cellular processes (endocytosis, cell polarity) to macroscopic phenomena (embryogenesis, organogenesis).
  • Despite over a century of research, a comprehensive understanding of auxin's regulatory roles remains incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent and emerging areas in auxin research.
  • To explore the molecular basis of auxin action and perception.
  • To identify and formulate open questions in the field of auxin biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on auxin biology.
  • Analysis of recent findings on auxin molecules, receptors, and signaling pathways.
Keywords:
Auxinmetabolismplant developmentsignallingstructuretransport.

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  • Discussion of auxin metabolism and compartmentalization.

    • Main Results:

    • Naturally occurring and synthetic auxin-like molecules offer insights into specific developmental roles.
    • Three independent auxin perception systems/receptors are known, each potentially mediating distinct physiological processes.
    • Auxin's activity is significantly influenced by its active modification, metabolism, and intracellular compartmentalization.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding auxin's multifaceted roles requires investigating its molecular structure, perception mechanisms, and metabolic regulation.
    • Emerging research areas are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of how auxin governs plant development.
    • The complexity of auxin biology promises continued fascinating discoveries.