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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

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High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology
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Validation of refractive index structure parameter estimation for certain infrared bands.

Mustafa Sivaslıgil1, Cemil Berin Erol, Özgür Murat Polat

  • 1TÜBİTAK BİLGEM UEKAE/İLTAREN, Şehit Yzb. İlhan Tan Kışlası, 2432. Cad., 2489. Sok., Ümitköy, Ankara TR-06800, Turkey. mustafa.sivasligil@tubitak.gov.tr

Applied Optics
|May 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method for estimating atmospheric turbulence (C(n)(2)) using readily available meteorological data. This improved approach enhances the performance of electro-optical systems in various applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric physics
  • Optical engineering
  • Remote sensing

Background:

  • Atmospheric turbulence significantly impacts electro-optical and infrared systems.
  • Accurate estimation of the refractive index structure parameter, C(n)(2), is crucial for system performance in diverse applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a modified, bulk-method-based approach for estimating C(n)(2).
  • To simplify C(n)(2) estimation by eliminating complex roughness parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes standard meteorological data (wind speed, humidity, temperature) from multiple levels.
  • Applies Monin-Obukhov similarity theory with finite difference approximation.
  • Employs a modified bulk-method for C(n)(2) calculation.

Main Results:

  • The modified approach allows for the use of more meteorological data levels.
  • Enables the application of estimated C(n)(2) to analyze scintillation effects on images.
  • Offers a simpler and more efficient solution compared to traditional methods.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Atmospheric Turbulence Model Software provides a validated and improved method for C(n)(2) estimation.
  • This method enhances the reliability of optical turbulence modeling for various scientific and military applications.