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Related Concept Videos

Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and Drowned...
Design Example: Forces in Sluice Gate01:11

Design Example: Forces in Sluice Gate

In hydraulic engineering, sluice gates are essential for managing water flow through channels, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. Sluice gates, acting as vertical barriers, regulate water by adjusting the gate's opening height, which changes the velocity and pressure of water flowing beneath the gate. Understanding the forces involved is crucial to designing sluice gates that can withstand dynamic pressure differences, especially when the gate is closed or partially open.
Key variables in...
Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform Flow
Uniform flow...
Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Bilayer Microfluidic Device for Combinatorial Plug Production
07:03

Bilayer Microfluidic Device for Combinatorial Plug Production

Published on: December 1, 2023

Bubble gate for in-plane flow control.

Ali Oskooei1, Milad Abolhasani, Axel Günther

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Canada.

Lab on a Chip
|May 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed miniature bubble gates for precise on-chip liquid flow control. These simple, scalable valves operate without moving parts, enabling efficient microfluidic device operation.

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Controlling liquid flow in microfluidic devices is crucial for various applications.
  • Existing methods often involve complex mechanisms or external components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, miniature gate valve for active liquid flow control on-chip.
  • To demonstrate a simple, scalable, and robust solution for microfluidic flow management.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of bubble gates using soft lithography and silicon micromachining.
  • Experimental evaluation of bubble gate performance, including dynamic behavior and operating pressure.
  • Theoretical modeling based on static wetting behavior for prediction.

Main Results:

  • Bubble gates provide simple, consistent, and scalable liquid flow control.
  • Demonstrated compatibility with various microfabrication processes and substrate materials.
  • Achieved excellent agreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions for operational envelopes.
  • Successfully controlled liquid sampling in single and multi-layer microfluidic devices.
  • Demonstrated scalability by simultaneously addressing 128 bubble gates.

Conclusions:

  • Bubble gates represent a readily implementable strategy for active on-chip liquid flow control.
  • The technology is compatible with diverse microfluidic systems and fabrication techniques.
  • The developed bubble gates offer a promising solution for advanced microfluidic applications requiring precise flow regulation.