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Updated: May 11, 2026

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles
Published on: November 1, 2012
Fatigue modulates synchronous but not asynchronous soleus activation during stimulation of paralyzed muscle
Richard K Shields1, Shauna Dudley-Javoroski
1Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. richard-shields@uiowa.edu
Objective:
Electrical stimulation over a motor nerve yields muscle force via a combination of direct and reflex-mediated activation. We determined the influence of fatigue on reflex-mediated responses induced during supra-maximal electrical stimulation in humans with complete paralysis.
Methods:
We analyzed soleus electromyographic (EMG) activity during repetitive stimulation (15 Hz, 125 contractions) in 22 individuals with complete paralysis. The bout of stimulation caused significant soleus muscle fatigue (53.1% torque decline).
Results:
Before fatigue, EMG at all latencies after the M-wave was less than 1% of the maximal M-wave amplitude (% MaxM). After fatigue there was a fourfold (p < 0.05) increase in EMG at the H-reflex latency; however, the overall magnitude remained low (< 2% change in % MaxM). There was no increase in "asynchronous" EMG ∼ 1 s after the stimulus train.
Conclusions:
Fatigue enhanced the activation to the paralyzed soleus muscle, but primarily at the H-reflex latency. The overall influence of this reflex modulation was small. Soleus EMG was not elevated during fatigue at latencies consistent with asynchronous activation.
Significance:
These findings support synchronous reflex responses increase while random asynchronous reflex activation does not change during repetitive supra-maximal stimulation, offering a clinical strategy to consistently dose stress to paralyzed tissues.
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