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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Color in Coordination Complexes
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Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Accumulation and Analysis of Cuprous Ions in a Copper Sulfate Plating Solution

Accumulation and Analysis of Cuprous Ions in a Copper Sulfate Plating Solution

Published on: March 20, 2019

Cuprous hydroxide in a solid form: does it exist?

Inna L Soroka¹, Andrey Shchukarev, Mats Jonsson

¹Applied Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. inna.soroka66@gmail.com

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|May 16, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers experimentally confirmed the existence of metastable solid cuprous hydroxide (CuOH × H2O). This hydrated compound was synthesized and characterized, validating theoretical predictions and offering insights into copper chemistry.

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Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Materials Science
Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

Cuprous hydroxide (CuOH) was theoretically predicted to be metastable in solid form.
Experimental evidence for solid cuprous hydroxide has been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally synthesize and characterize the metastable cuprous hydroxide compound.
To confirm the existence and determine the form of solid cuprous hydroxide.

Main Methods:

Reduction of Cu(2+) using ferrous ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA).
Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
Characterization using cryogenic X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

Main Results:

A yellow powder precipitate with the composition CuOH × H2O was formed.
FTIR and XPS confirmed the formation of hydrated cuprous hydroxide.
Similar compounds were detected on stored Cu-CuH powder surfaces via XPS.

Conclusions:

Cuprous hydroxide exists in a solid, hydrated form (CuOH × H2O).
This finding validates theoretical predictions of its metastability.
Hydrated cuprous hydroxide may be an intermediate in copper precipitation reactions.