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Related Concept Videos

Drug Concentrations: Measurements01:23

Drug Concentrations: Measurements

Drug concentration is the quantity of a drug present in a biological sample. Measuring drug amounts in biological samples allows the clinician to understand how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Samples can be obtained through invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques involve surgical or parenteral interventions to gather blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue biopsy. Conversely, non-invasive approaches provide samples like urine, feces, and saliva.
Plasma —...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods01:26

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods01:20

Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods

Pharmacodynamic methods provide insights into a drug's effects on physiological processes over time and play a crucial role in understanding bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These methods can be broadly classified into acute pharmacological and therapeutic response approaches, each with distinct mechanisms and applications.The acute pharmacological response method directly correlates a drug's physiological effects, such as ECG or pupil diameter changes, to its time course in the body.
Protein-Drug Binding: Determination Methods01:22

Protein-Drug Binding: Determination Methods

Determining protein-drug binding can be achieved through indirect and direct methods, each providing valuable insights into the interaction between proteins and drugs.
Indirect methods involve isolating the bound drug from its free form in biological samples such as blood, serum, or plasma. These techniques aim to measure the percentage of drugs bound to proteins. Equilibrium dialysis is a commonly used method where the free drug concentration at equilibrium is measured by separating the bound...
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods01:30

Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacokinetic Methods

Pharmacokinetics is a vital branch of pharmacology that examines how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Two key methodologies in pharmacokinetics are plasma drug concentration studies and urinary drug excretion analyses, both of which provide critical insights into a drug's therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.Plasma Drug Concentration-Time StudiesPlasma drug concentration-time studies involve analyzing blood samples at specific intervals to quantify...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Procedure and Key Optimization Strategies for an Automated Capillary Electrophoretic-based Immunoassay Method
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Immunoassay Methods and their Applications in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Basic Methodology and Recent Advances.

Ibrahim A Darwish1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Egypt.

International Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS
|May 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Immunoassays, crucial for pharmaceutical analysis, utilize antigen-antibody reactions for precise analyte quantification. Recent advancements enhance their specificity, sensitivity, and throughput for drug discovery and diagnostics.

Keywords:
antibodiesdrug discoveryimmunoassaypharmaceutical analysispharmaceutical industry

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Published on: September 10, 2017

Peptide and Protein Quantification Using Automated Immuno-MALDI (iMALDI)
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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Immunoassays are vital bioanalytical techniques quantifying analytes via antigen-antibody reactions.
  • They are extensively used in pharmaceutical analysis, including disease diagnosis, therapeutic drug monitoring, and pharmacokinetic studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental methodologies of immunoassays.
  • To highlight recent advancements in immunoassay development for pharmaceutical analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established immunoassay principles.
  • Analysis of recent innovations in reagent preparation, compound analysis, and instrumentation.

Main Results:

  • Immunoassays offer high specificity, throughput, and sensitivity for analyzing diverse analytes in biological samples.
  • Recent improvements focus on novel reagents, new compound categories, and advanced methodologies and instrumentation.

Conclusions:

  • Immunoassays remain indispensable tools in pharmaceutical analysis due to their performance characteristics.
  • Ongoing developments continue to expand their utility and effectiveness in drug discovery and related fields.