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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy01:23

Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy

Cells can adapt to environmental changes to maintain function and avoid injury, a process called cellular adaptation. Adapted cells exist in a reversible intermediate state with changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolism, or function. These responses help cells meet altered physiological or pathological demands; for example, enlargement of breast and uterine tissues during pregnancy. Early adaptations may enhance function, but persistent stress eventually causes tissue damage.Types of...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
07:58

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Published on: April 16, 2012

When Aging Reaches CD4+ T-Cells: Phenotypic and Functional Changes.

Marco Antonio Moro-García1, Rebeca Alonso-Arias, Carlos López-Larrea

  • 1Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias Oviedo, Spain.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune system aging, or immunosenescence, impairs defense capabilities in older adults. This age-related decline particularly affects adaptive immunity, with fewer naive T-cells and more differentiated T-cells observed.

Keywords:
CMVIL-15NKRsT-cellsimmunosenescenceinflammation

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Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry
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Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
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Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

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Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry
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Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The aging immune system, known as immunosenescence, leads to reduced defensive capacity.
  • Both innate and adaptive immune responses undergo significant age-related changes.
  • Adaptive immunity is particularly affected, with notable alterations in T-cell populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the age-dependent modifications in the adaptive immune response.
  • To understand the changes in T-cell subsets, including naive and memory T-cells, during aging.
  • To explore the impact of diminishing thymic activity on T-cell homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T-cell populations in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues of elderly individuals.
  • Characterization of naive, effector, and memory T-cell subsets, including CD28(null) T-cells.
  • Assessment of thymic output and its correlation with T-cell dynamics.

Main Results:

  • A decline in naive T-cells and an increase in differentiated effector and memory T-cells (e.g., CD28(null) T-cells) were observed in the elderly.
  • Thymic activity significantly decreases with age, limiting the generation of new T-cells.
  • Homeostatic mechanisms maintaining naive CD4+ T-cells eventually fail with advancing age.

Conclusions:

  • Immunosenescence profoundly alters adaptive immunity, characterized by shifts in T-cell populations.
  • Reduced thymic output and eventual failure of homeostatic control contribute to immune decline in aging.
  • These changes have significant implications for the immune defense capabilities of older adults.