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Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

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Related Experiment Video

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Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Published on: May 28, 2017

Retroelements: molecular features and implications for disease.

Yi-Deun Jung¹, Kung Ahn, Yun-Ji Kim

¹Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.

Genes & Genetic Systems

|May 17, 2013

Summary

Retroelements in eukaryotic genomes significantly influence gene structure and regulation. Their epigenetic control and microRNA generation are key to understanding genomic instability and disease implications.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

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Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

Published on: May 29, 2008

Area of Science:

Genomics
Epigenetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Eukaryotic genomes contain numerous retroelements impacting gene structure and regulation.
Retroelements are subject to epigenetic controls.
Retroelements generate microRNAs (miRNAs) implicated in genomic instability.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the biological roles of retroelements.
To understand the evolutionary features of retroelements.
To explore the implications of retroelements in disease.

Main Methods:

Epigenetic analysis of retroelement regulation.
miRNA profiling in relation to retroelement activity.
Comparative genomics to study retroelement evolution.

Main Results:

Demonstrated significant impact of retroelements on eukaryotic genome structure.
Identified epigenetic mechanisms regulating retroelement activity.
Linked retroelement-derived miRNAs to the induction and progression of genomic instability.

Conclusions:

Retroelements play a crucial role in genome organization and function.
Epigenetic regulation is vital for controlling retroelement activity.
Retroelement-derived miRNAs are important mediators of genomic instability with potential disease relevance.