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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

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[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Aymara children].

Ximena Carrasco1, Francisca Daiber, Paula Rothhammer

  • 1Servicio de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Hospital de Niños Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Chile.

Revista Medica De Chile
|May 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) presentation varies across ethnic groups. Aymara culture may offer protective factors against ADHD comorbidities, suggesting environmental influences on the disorder.

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Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cultural Anthropology

Background:

  • Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) assessment across diverse ethnic groups can uncover environmental and cultural factors influencing its presentation.
  • Understanding these variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and culturally sensitive treatment approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of ADHD in Aymara and non-Aymara children from the Azapa and Lluta valleys in Arica, Chile.
  • To compare these findings with a previously assessed cohort of children from Santiago, Chile.

Main Methods:

  • Screening using the Conner's test was administered to 79 children aged 8-13 years (60 Aymara, 19 non-Aymara).
  • Children diagnosed with ADHD (20 Aymara, 9 non-Aymara) were compared to a control group of 110 children from Santiago.
  • Comorbidities and ADHD subtype were analyzed for both groups.

Main Results:

  • Children from Azapa/Lluta exhibited ADHD characteristics similar to those in Santiago but with significantly fewer psychiatric comorbidities.
  • The non-Aymara subgroup in Azapa/Lluta showed a higher rate of comorbidities and exclusively the combined ADHD subtype, though sample size limits definitive conclusions.
  • Aymara children displayed fewer comorbidities compared to non-Aymara children within the Azapa/Lluta sample.

Conclusions:

  • Cultural factors, such as strong family values and respect for authority within Aymara culture, may act as protective elements against ADHD comorbidities.
  • The clinical presentation of ADHD is not uniform across different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the interplay of environmental and genetic factors contributing to ADHD variability across populations.