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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Patterning of Microorganisms and Microparticles through Sequential Capillarity-assisted Assembly
10:17

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Published on: November 4, 2021

Pattern formation based on the triple-layer coupling mechanism.

Lifang Dong1, Zhongkai Shen, Ben Li

  • 1College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|May 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the first triple-layer coupling pattern in dielectric barrier discharges. Analyzing a white-eye hexagonal super lattice pattern (WEHSP) explains the interaction between gas discharge and surface charge patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Nonlinear dynamics
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are known for complex spatiotemporal pattern formation.
  • Understanding the interplay between gas discharge and surface charge dynamics is crucial for controlling DBDs.
  • Previous studies have focused on single or double-layer interactions, leaving triple-layer coupling uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the novel triple-layer coupling mechanism in pattern formation within a dielectric barrier discharge system.
  • To analyze the time-resolved discharge sequence of a white-eye hexagonal super lattice pattern (WEHSP) to understand layer interactions.
  • To establish a theoretical model for simulating and validating the observed triple-layer coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of pattern formation in a dielectric barrier discharge.
  • Time-resolved analysis of discharge sequences to capture spatiotemporal dynamics.
  • Development and application of a triple-layer coupling reaction-diffusion model for numerical simulations.

Main Results:

  • The first experimental evidence of triple-layer coupling pattern formation in DBDs is presented.
  • The white-eye hexagonal super lattice pattern (WEHSP) demonstrates the intricate coupling between gas and surface charge subpatterns.
  • Simulations using the established reaction-diffusion model show excellent agreement with experimental observations of the WEHSP.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the fundamental mechanism of triple-layer coupling in DBD pattern formation.
  • The findings provide a deeper understanding of the complex interactions governing spatiotemporal structures in plasmas.
  • This work offers a foundation for advanced control and design of patterned discharges for various applications.