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Related Concept Videos

Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves01:20

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves

Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Pileup subtraction for jet shapes.

Gregory Soyez1, Gavin P Salam, Ji-Hun Kim

  • 1CEA Saclay, CNRS URA 2306, IPhT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

Physical Review Letters
|May 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method to correct jet shapes for pileup effects in high-energy particle collisions. This technique enables reliable analysis of jet properties in the challenging environment of the Large Hadron Collider.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
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Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Collider Physics

Background:

  • Jets in high-energy hadronic collisions carry information about their parent particles via jet shapes.
  • Pileup, the accumulation of detector signals from simultaneous collisions, significantly distorts jet shape measurements at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a general method for correcting jet shapes affected by pileup.
  • To restore the utility of jet shapes for particle identification in high pileup environments.

Main Methods:

  • A novel numerical method is introduced to quantify the susceptibility of each jet shape to pileup.
  • This method allows for a per-jet correction, enhancing accuracy.

Main Results:

  • The developed method effectively corrects for pileup distortions in jet shapes.
  • Demonstrated successful application in quark-gluon discrimination and top tagging at the LHC.

Conclusions:

  • The new pileup correction method is essential for utilizing jet shapes in current and future LHC operations.
  • This advancement significantly improves the precision of particle identification in high pileup conditions.