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Scaling high-order harmonic generation from laser-solid interactions to ultrahigh intensity.

F Dollar¹, P Cummings, V Chvykov

¹Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2099, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|May 18, 2013

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Generating subfemtosecond coherent x-ray beams via high-order harmonic generation (HOHG) requires precise control over plasma density gradients. An optimal scale length balances efficiency and instabilities for advanced atomic process measurements.

Area of Science:

Quantum Optics and Laser Physics
Plasma Physics
Attosecond Science

Background:

Subfemtosecond coherent x-ray pulses are crucial for probing fundamental atomic processes.
High-order harmonic generation (HOHG) in plasma is a leading method for generating these pulses.
The plasma density gradient scale length critically impacts HOHG efficiency and mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of plasma density ramp scale length on HOHG at ultra-high laser intensities (>10^21 W/cm^2).
To determine the optimal scale length for maximizing HOHG efficiency and beam quality.
To understand the role of parametric instabilities and relativistic effects in HOHG.

Main Methods:

Utilized particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to model HOHG in solid density plasma.

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The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

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Investigated the effect of varying plasma density gradient scale lengths at intensities >10^21 W/cm^2.

Analyzed harmonic spectra, conversion efficiency, divergence, and power-law scaling.

Main Results:

An optimal plasma density ramp scale length of c/ω0 was identified for intensities >10^21 W/cm^2.
This optimal scale length balances conversion efficiency with the growth of parametric plasma wave instabilities.
PIC simulations revealed HOHG loss mechanisms including parametric instabilities and relativistic self-phase modulation.

Conclusions:

Optimizing the plasma density gradient scale length is essential for efficient subfemtosecond x-ray pulse generation via HOHG.
The scale length c/ω0 provides optimized HOHG properties, including conversion efficiency and divergence.
Understanding and mitigating plasma instabilities is key to advancing attosecond science with HOHG.