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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Apes communicate about absent and displaced objects: methodology matters.

Heidi Lyn¹, Jamie L Russell, David A Leavens

¹Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast 730 East Beach Blvd., Long Beach, MS, 39560, USA, heidi.lyn@usm.edu.

Animal Cognition

|May 18, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chimpanzees and bonobos demonstrate displaced reference, the ability to discuss items not present. This finding challenges previous research suggesting only human infants possess this cognitive skill.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Published on: February 19, 2018

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Primatology
Evolutionary Psychology

Background:

Displaced reference, the ability to refer to items not currently present, is a key aspect of communication.
Previous studies yielded conflicting results on whether non-human primates possess displaced reference, with some suggesting they do not, unlike human infants.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the capacity for displaced reference in chimpanzees and bonobos.
To address discrepancies in prior animal cognition research regarding displaced reference.

Main Methods:

The study assessed the ability of chimpanzees and bonobos with varied rearing histories to engage in displaced reference.
Focus was placed on referring to absent and displaced objects.

Main Results:

Both chimpanzees and bonobos demonstrated the capability for displaced reference to absent and displaced objects.
This indicates a broader presence of this cognitive ability within primate species than previously suggested.

Conclusions:

The findings support that chimpanzees and bonobos possess displaced reference abilities.
Discrepancies in comparative cognition studies may stem from methodological variations and interpretation errors, necessitating careful experimental design and analysis.