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Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria. In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells

Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells

Published on: November 14, 2025

Make or break for mitochondria.

Catherine L Nezich¹, Richard J Youle

¹is at the Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit , Cambridge , United Kingdom and at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , United States nezichc@ninds.nih.gov.

|May 18, 2013

Summary

Mitochondrial DNA division relies on intricate interactions between the endoplasmic reticulum and enzymes. This ensures proper distribution to daughter mitochondria during cell division.

Keywords:

ERMES Gem1 Miro S. cerevisiae mitochondria mitochondrial DNA

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells

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Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Published on: January 4, 2017

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segregation is crucial for cellular function.
The mechanisms governing mtDNA distribution are not fully understood.
Mitochondria interact dynamically with other cellular organelles.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the role of endoplasmic reticulum interactions in mtDNA division.
To identify key enzymes involved in mitochondrial DNA segregation.

Main Methods:

Utilized advanced microscopy techniques to visualize mtDNA and endoplasmic reticulum dynamics.
Employed biochemical assays to analyze enzyme activity during mitochondrial division.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a direct physical association between the endoplasmic reticulum and mtDNA during segregation.
Identified specific enzymes that facilitate mtDNA tethering and movement.

Conclusions:

Endoplasmic reticulum interactions are essential for accurate mitochondrial DNA partitioning.
Enzymatic machinery plays a critical role in ensuring equitable mtDNA distribution to daughter mitochondria.