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Related Concept Videos

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison

Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs,...
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...

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Corrigendum to "Revisiting subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for depression: Long-term safety and effectiveness outcomes from a pooled analysis of 172 implanted patients" [Brain Stimul 18 (2025) 1632-1640].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
09:35

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

Neuromodulation for cephalgias.

Serge Y Rasskazoff1, Konstantin V Slavin

  • 1Insight Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Flint, MI, USA.

Surgical Neurology International
|May 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromodulation offers a promising treatment for severe headaches and craniofacial pain that does not respond to standard therapies. This review explores evidence for neuromodulation in refractory cephalgias.

Keywords:
Deep brain stimulationcluster headachemigraineoccipital neuralgiaperipheral nerve stimulationspinal cord stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Management
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Headaches and craniofacial pain are prevalent conditions.
  • Some patients develop severe, refractory pain syndromes.
  • Pharmacotherapy often fails in these complex cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for neuromodulation in medically refractory craniofacial pain.
  • To explore the scientific rationale for using neuromodulation in cephalgias.
  • To classify pain conditions based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neuromodulation techniques for craniofacial pain.
  • Analysis of studies based on ICHD-II classification.
  • Examination of the scientific basis for neuromodulation in headache management.

Main Results:

  • Neuromodulation presents a viable treatment option for specific patient groups.
  • Evidence supports its use in various medically refractory craniofacial pain conditions.
  • The review synthesizes data on different neuromodulation modalities.

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulation is a valuable therapeutic avenue for intractable headaches and craniofacial pain.
  • Further research can refine neuromodulation strategies for optimal patient outcomes.
  • This approach offers hope for patients with limited treatment options.