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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Published on: December 13, 2007

Human embryonic stem cells derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Masahito Tachibana¹, Paula Amato, Michelle Sparman

¹Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.

|May 21, 2013

Summary

Researchers successfully created human nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs) by optimizing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This breakthrough overcomes previous challenges in early embryonic development, paving the way for patient-matched regenerative medicine.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

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Published on: December 13, 2007

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

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Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Published on: April 24, 2014

Area of Science:

Stem Cell Biology
Reproductive Medicine
Developmental Biology

Background:

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) offers a route to patient-matched nuclear transfer (NT)-ESCs for disease research and therapies.
Previous efforts to derive human NT-ESCs were hindered by early SCNT embryo arrest.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and overcome key factors limiting human NT-ESC derivation via SCNT.
To establish a reliable method for generating patient-matched human NT-ESCs.

Main Methods:

Identified premature meiosis exit in oocytes and suboptimal activation as critical barriers.
Developed optimized SCNT protocols to address these limitations.
Applied optimized SCNT to high-quality human oocytes.

Main Results:

Successfully derived human NT-ESC lines using optimized SCNT, even from limited oocyte numbers (as few as two).
Derived NT-ESCs exhibited normal diploid karyotypes and exclusively inherited the nuclear genome from donor somatic cells.
NT-ESCs demonstrated gene expression and differentiation patterns comparable to embryonic-derived ESCs, indicating successful reprogramming.

Conclusions:

Optimized SCNT protocols overcome previous barriers to human NT-ESC derivation.
This method enables the generation of patient-matched pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic and research applications.
Efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency was achieved through optimized SCNT.