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Cholera

Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...

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Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: January 3, 2012

Did cholera toxin finally get caught?

Fabio Martinon¹, F Gisou van der Goot²

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 155 Chemin Des Boveresses, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.

Cell Host & Microbe

|May 21, 2013

Summary

Pathogen-recognition receptors sense the environment to orchestrate immune responses. A new study reveals immune recognition of cholera toxin within the endoplasmic reticulum, enhancing our understanding of host-pathogen interactions.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Microbiology
Cell Biology

Background:

Pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial for detecting microbial threats and initiating immune responses.
Immune surveillance involves monitoring pathogen activities and molecular patterns.
The endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in cellular homeostasis and stress responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate a novel mechanism of immune recognition involving pathogen toxins.
To investigate how the host cell senses cholera toxin within the endoplasmic reticulum.
To understand the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in orchestrating immune responses against bacterial toxins.

Main Methods:

Cellular assays to detect toxin localization and cellular responses.
Immunological techniques to assess immune signaling pathways.
Genetic manipulation to study the role of specific cellular components.

Main Results:

Cholera toxin is detected within the endoplasmic reticulum.
This sensing triggers specific immune signaling cascades.
The endoplasmic reticulum acts as a site for pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition.

Conclusions:

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in sensing bacterial toxins.
This sensing mechanism contributes to the host's immune response orchestration.
The findings reveal a new layer of host-pathogen interaction at the cellular level.