Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because succinylcholine...
Blinding01:11

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:17

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade01:29

Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade

The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Islet β-Cell Functional Survival: Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Trafficked Proteins and miRNAs.

Cells·2026
Same author

Animal models relevant to digital technology-based disorders.

Journal of behavioral addictions·2026
Same author

Variations in the Accuracy of Old-New Judgements Following Compound Learned-Predictiveness Training.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2026
Same author

Annexin A1 exacerbates islet stellate cell activation by regulating triglyceride catabolism via the PPARα/ACOX1/CYP4a pathway.

Islets·2026
Same author

Role of collagen type III/ITGB1 signalling in stellate cell-mediated regulation of β-cell survival and insulin secretion in the pancreatic islet microenvironment.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2026
Same author

Descriptions of intestinal worms in European medieval medical texts.

Parasitology·2025
Same journal

The fate of redundant cues in human predictive learning.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013
Same journal

The adaptive analysis of visual cognition using genetic algorithms.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013
Same journal

Active change detection by pigeons and humans.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013
Same journal

Renewal effects in interference between outcomes as measured by a cued response reaction time task: further evidence for associative retrieval models.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013
Same journal

Pigeons use low rather than high spatial frequency information to make visual category discriminations.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013
Same journal

Associative models of instrumental learning: a response to Dupuis and Dawson.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker
08:32

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker

Published on: December 18, 2014

Enhanced unblocking from sustained post-trial surprise.

Mark Haselgrove1, Shu K E Tam, Peter M Jones

  • 1School of Psychology.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes
|May 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unblocking in rats, a learning phenomenon, occurs when an expected reward is surprisingly omitted. This study reveals enhanced unblocking when omissions are variable, impacting associative learning theories.

More Related Videos

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
07:19

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Published on: March 19, 2020

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker
08:32

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker

Published on: December 18, 2014

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
07:19

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Published on: March 19, 2020

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Learning and memory
  • Animal cognition

Background:

  • Unblocking is a key phenomenon in associative learning, where learning about one stimulus (X) is enhanced when it is part of a compound (AX) that is followed by a reward (US), but only if the other stimulus (A) has already been fully learned.
  • The surprising omission of an expected post-trial unconditioned stimulus (US) is a known condition for unblocking, but the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms and properties of unblocking induced by the surprising omission of an expected post-trial unconditioned stimulus (US) in rats.
  • To examine whether variable omission of the post-trial US enhances unblocking compared to consistent omission.

Main Methods:

  • Two appetitive conditioning experiments were conducted with rats.
  • Experiment 1 equated generalization decrement and within-compound associations to demonstrate unblocking under controlled conditions.
  • Experiment 2 manipulated the presence and absence of a post-trial US during compound stimulus (AX) presentations to assess enhanced unblocking.

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 successfully demonstrated unblocking under conditions that controlled for potential confounds.
  • Experiment 2 revealed an enhancement of unblocking to stimulus X when the post-trial US omission was variable, compared to a standard unblocking group with consistent omission.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that variable US omission can lead to enhanced unblocking, providing new insights into associative learning.
  • Results have implications for understanding attentional and US-processing theories of associative learning, particularly concerning how unexpected events shape learning.