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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons
15:05

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons

Published on: February 5, 2015

Neurotoxic emergencies.

J Dave Barry1, Brandon K Wills

  • 1Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, USA. James.barry@med.navy.mil

The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
|May 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurotoxic emergencies can mimic psychiatric disorders. Recognizing diverse causative agents and their neurotransmitter effects is crucial for effective clinical identification and treatment.

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Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity
07:42

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Published on: April 26, 2012

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons
15:05

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons

Published on: February 5, 2015

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity
07:42

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Published on: April 26, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Neurotoxic emergencies are often misdiagnosed as acute psychiatric disorders.
  • A wide range of agents can cause neurotoxicity.
  • Understanding neurotransmitter systems is key to diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform clinicians about agents causing neurotoxic emergencies.
  • To highlight the overlap between neurotoxic and psychiatric presentations.
  • To improve diagnostic and treatment strategies for neurotoxic emergencies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of causative agents of neurotoxic emergencies.
  • Analysis of neurotransmitter interactions in neurotoxicity.
  • Clinical presentation comparison with psychiatric disorders.

Main Results:

  • Numerous agents can induce neurotoxic emergencies.
  • These emergencies frequently present with symptoms mimicking psychiatric conditions.
  • Neurotransmitter pathways are significantly affected.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians must consider neurotoxic agents in differential diagnosis of psychiatric emergencies.
  • Knowledge of causative agents and neurochemical pathways aids in accurate diagnosis.
  • Prompt identification and treatment improve patient outcomes in neurotoxic emergencies.