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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Chronic hepatitis E infection: risks and controls.

Mohammad Khalid Parvez1

  • 1Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. khalid_parvez@yahoo.com

Intervirology
|May 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is presenting unusually in developed nations, sometimes becoming chronic in transplant patients due to weakened immune responses. Promising treatments and a potential vaccine are emerging, but more research is needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection typically does not become chronic.
  • Atypical HEV presentations and chronicity are emerging in high-income nations, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
  • Immunosuppressive chemotherapy may lead to prolonged viremia and altered disease course in transplant recipients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the unusual clinical and virological outcomes of HEV infection in developed countries.
  • To understand the factors contributing to chronic HEV infection in immunocompromised individuals.
  • To highlight potential therapeutic strategies and the need for further research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and virological data from HEV-infected patients.
  • Analysis of HEV genotypes (3 and 4) implicated in autochthonous infections.
  • Evaluation of treatment responses to pegylated interferon-alfa-2a (pegIFN-α-2a) and ribavirin.

Main Results:

  • HEV viremia can persist long-term in immunocompromised solid organ, bone marrow, and stem cell transplant patients.
  • Foodborne HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are implicated in chronic infections in non-travelers.
  • PegIFN-α-2a and ribavirin show promise in treating chronic HEV.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic HEV infection is an emerging concern in industrialized nations, especially in transplant recipients.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of chronicity and disease severity requires comprehensive study.
  • Development of effective vaccines and further research are crucial for controlling HEV.