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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model
06:07

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Published on: June 23, 2023

Vesicular integrity in Parkinson's disease.

Shawn P Alter1, Gina M Lenzi, Alison I Bernstein

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|May 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Impaired vesicular function disrupts dopamine neurotransmission, contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Enhancing vesicular function may offer a therapeutic strategy for PD.

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The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
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The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 3, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model
06:07

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Published on: June 23, 2023

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
15:09

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 3, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms are linked to dopamine (DA) neurotransmission.
  • Dopamine is primarily stored in vesicles, with limited extracellular or cytosolic presence.
  • Cytosolic dopamine oxidation can be detrimental to nigral neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms linking disrupted vesicular function to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
  • To explore how impaired dopamine compartmentalization affects neuronal vulnerability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of findings from patient populations.
  • Analysis of imaging studies.
  • Examination of transgenic and mechanistic studies.

Main Results:

  • Disruption of dopamine transport into vesicles impairs neurotransmission.
  • Altered vesicle trafficking, influenced by PD-related genes, contributes to pathology.
  • Impaired vesicular function increases nigrostriatal dopamine system vulnerability.

Conclusions:

  • Variations in dopamine compartmentalization significantly impact dopamine pathways.
  • Strategies to enhance vesicular function show therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease.