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Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Microvascular Embolism Mouse Model for In Vivo Two-photon Microscopy Using Fluorescent Polystyrene Microspheres

Microvascular Embolism Mouse Model for In Vivo Two-photon Microscopy Using Fluorescent Polystyrene Microspheres

Published on: November 21, 2025

Microscopic polyangiitis presenting with hemorrhagic stroke.

Estíbaliz Iglesias¹, Despina Eleftheriou², Kshitij Mankad³

¹Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain eiglesias@hsjdbcn.org.

Journal of Child Neurology

|May 22, 2013

Summary

Microscopic polyangiitis rarely impacts the central nervous system. A 12-year-old girl with myeloperoxidase-associated microscopic polyangiitis experienced only brain hematomas, recovering fully with immunosuppression.

Keywords:

hemorrhagic stroke microscopic polyangiitis myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Rheumatology
Pediatrics

Background:

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare systemic vasculitis.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against myeloperoxidase (MPO) are associated with MPA.
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in MPO-ANCA-positive MPA is uncommon, especially without other organ damage.

Observation:

A 12-year-old female presented with neurological symptoms.
The primary clinical manifestation was multiple acute parieto-occipital hematomas.
No other systemic organ involvement was initially detected.

Findings:

The patient's presentation was attributed to presumed microscopic polyangiitis.
The hematomas were the sole indicator of MPA in this case.
Diagnosis was supported by ANCA testing, though not explicitly stated in the abstract.

Implications:

This case highlights that CNS manifestations, such as intracranial hemorrhage, can be the sole presentation of MPA.
Early immunosuppressive therapy can lead to favorable outcomes in pediatric MPA with CNS involvement.
Highlights the importance of considering vasculitis in pediatric patients with unexplained neurological events.