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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
Motor Units01:13

Motor Units

The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...
Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue
06:59

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Published on: July 6, 2017

Human hypoglossal motor unit activities in exercise.

Clinton E Walls1, Christopher M Laine, Ian J Kidder

  • 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0093, USA.

The Journal of Physiology
|May 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary

During exercise, the genioglossus (GG) muscle

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Neuromuscular Physiology

Background:

  • The genioglossus (GG) muscle is crucial for airway patency.
  • Its role during dynamic respiratory loading, such as exercise, is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the GG muscle during progressive intensity exercise.
  • To differentiate between whole muscle and single motor unit (MU) responses.

Main Methods:

  • Percutaneous tungsten microelectrodes were used to record GG EMG activity in 11 healthy adults.
  • Subjects performed incremental cycle ergometer exercise up to 300 W.
  • Pulmonary ventilation (VI) was measured concurrently.

Main Results:

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Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
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  • Whole GG EMG activity (tonic and phasic) increased with exercise intensity and respiratory drive.
  • Individual MUs typically exhibited decreased firing during expiration as intensity rose.
  • Increased GG activity during heavy exercise appears to involve recruitment of previously silent MUs.

Conclusions:

  • GG muscle activation patterns change with increasing exercise intensity.
  • Afferent feedback from the respiratory system may modulate MU firing.
  • Recruitment of new MUs, rather than increased firing of existing ones, likely compensates for negative inspiratory pressures during strenuous exercise.