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Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: October 13, 2019

Training success in U.S. Navy special forces.

D G McDonald¹, J P Norton, J A Hodgdon

¹Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine

|June 1, 1990

Summary

Military training success was studied using personality and mood assessments. Specific psychological scales, like the Hogan Personality Inventory, could help identify candidates likely to complete demanding training programs.

Area of Science:

Psychology
Military Science
Human Performance

Background:

Intensive military training programs, such as the U.S. Navy's Basic Underwater Demolition/SEALS (BUD/S), have high attrition rates.
Understanding psychological factors differentiating successful trainees from those who drop out is crucial for improving selection and training protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate psychological differences between BUD/S graduates and dropouts.
To examine psychological changes from pre-training to post-graduation among successful trainees.
To assess the potential of psychological assessments as a screening tool to reduce training attrition.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 336 trainees at BUD/S were administered the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scale (PEAS), Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), and Profile of Mood States (POMS) at the start of training.

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Successful graduates were retested on these measures approximately six months later.

Data were analyzed to compare scores between graduates and dropouts and to assess score changes over time in graduates.

Main Results:

Graduates consistently scored differently from dropouts on the PEAS Estimation scale and four HPI scales.
Graduates exhibited significant post-training changes in the PEAS Estimation scale, three POMS scales, and four HPI scales.
These findings suggest that certain PEAS and HPI scales may serve as effective screening instruments.

Conclusions:

Psychological assessments, specifically aspects of the PEAS and HPI, show promise in identifying individuals likely to succeed in BUD/S training.
Observed changes in PEAS, POMS, and HPI scores highlight both general and unique psychological adaptations to the BUD/S training environment.
Utilizing these psychological insights could lead to reduced attrition rates in demanding military training programs.