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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle
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Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Published on: July 11, 2015

Vaccination, herd behavior, and herd immunity.

Matan J Cohen1,2,3,4, Mayer Brezis1, Colin Block3

  • 1Center for Clinical Quality and Safety, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (MJC, MB).

Medical Decision Making : an International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making
|May 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During the novel influenza AH1N1 outbreak, vaccination decisions were simulated. The study found that while vaccination dominated at low rates, nonvaccination became dominant above 78% vaccination, highlighting complex vaccination behaviors.

Keywords:
Monte Carlo methodsdecision analysisexpected utility theoryinfectious diseasesimulation methodsstate public health initiativesvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Limited data on novel influenza AH1N1 (2009) risks and benefits hindered informed vaccination decisions.
  • Hypothesized that individuals would follow peer behavior in the absence of clear decision anchors.
  • Employed Game Theory, decision analysis, and transmission models to explore vaccination behavior drivers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate the impact of subjective risks and preference estimates on vaccination behavior during the AH1N1 outbreak.
  • To analyze how individual risk perceptions and valuations influence vaccination intentions.
  • To model population-level vaccination strategies based on simulated individual choices.

Main Methods:

  • Surveyed 95 students for risk estimates and health state valuations related to AH1N1 infection and vaccination.
  • Integrated these estimates into a sequential modeling approach: dynamic epidemic model, decision tree, and population-level model.
  • Documented student intentions to vaccinate at various hypothetical vaccination rates.

Main Results:

  • Vaccination was the dominant strategy at low vaccination rates.
  • Nonvaccination emerged as the dominant strategy when vaccination rates exceeded 78%.
  • Vaccination intentions did not align with strategy dominance shifts, with individuals showing varied intentions: independent (31%), independent non-vaccinators (28%), and rate-dependent (41%).

Conclusions:

  • Conformity to majority choices can either promote herd immunity or impede societal goals.
  • Policy leaders must carefully consider model limitations and assumptions when informing public health strategies.
  • Further research is needed to explore behavioral drivers and refine models for better population health outcomes by incorporating subjective perceptions.